Which statement best describes the combination of evidence in skeletal remains identification to support presumptive conclusions?

• A. Genetic data is combined with anthropological context and reference genealogies
• B. Genetic data alone suffices; context is unnecessary
• C. Anthropological context is sufficient without DNA
• D. Only mtDNA data is ever used

Answer: (C)

Identifications from skeletal remains are strongest when evidence from multiple sources converges. Genetic data provides a direct biological link and can establish identity or kinship, while anthropological analysis offers the physical profile—age at death, sex, ancestry, stature, and notable features—that narrows the search and places the remains in a biological and historical context. Reference genealogies connect living relatives to the remains, enabling presumptive conclusions when DNA matches support a kinship path. Relying on a single type of evidence leaves gaps: anthropology alone can’t confirm who the person was, DNA alone may lack contextual placement, and using only mitochondrial DNA has limitations due to maternal inheritance and potential broad matches. Integrating genetic data, anthropological context, and reference genealogies provides the most robust basis for presumptive identification.